¹ Research Department, Agricultural Research and Development Station of Braila, Sos. Vizirului, km. 9, Braila, Romania.

² Agrochemical Laboratory, BRAICOOP Agricultural Cooperative, No. 38, Imparatul Traian Street, Braila, Romania

³ Agriculture Department, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Engineering and Agronomy Faculty of Braila, No. 29, Calea Calarasilor, Braila, Romania

Abstract

Experience with bio-fertilizers included two sub-experiences,with maize and sunflower. Placing of experiences was performed by
the method of Latin,rectangle in three repetitions, on Braila Plain, Romania, in 2014 year. The biological products used were Bactofil and
Algafix, in four doses (V2 – Bactofil 285g / ha + Algafix 1.5 l / ha; V3 – Bactofil 500g / ha + Algafix 2 l / ha; V4 – Bactofil 571g / ha +
Algafix 2.5 l / ha; V5 – Bactofil 642,8g / ha + Algafix 3 l / ha). The control was variant without fertilizers. Biometric measurements were
performed throughout the growing period and at harvest were determined elements of productivity and average production to determine
optimal doses for increased production in terms of quantity and quality.

Keywords: bio-fertilizers, doses, corn, sunflower, yield.

INTRODUCTION

The importance of biological fertilization increases continuously to practice sustainable agriculture and decrease environmental pollution. The specific consumption of nutrients for the species studied is very big: corn consumed 27.5 kg N, P2O5 and 16.5 kg K2O 12.5kg and sunflower consumed 36.5kg N, P2O5 and 50.0 kg 17.5kg K2O per ton of main and secondary crop (Davidescu, 1999). In case of using organic products, these doses decreased significantly (Trifan, 2015). Maize and sunflower are very important in world agriculture, but requires knowledge about growing areas of hybrids and varieties, about fertilization and the sowing and harmonization of ecological factors with rational use of technological measures specific to each culture, while also improving the physic, chemical and biological parameters of soil and implementation of incentive income for farmers (Rinchita, 2008).

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Abstract

Foliar fertilization is a widespread procedure in agriculture for applying inorganic fertilizers or other substances on the foliar surface of plants in order to enhance crop yield. The efficiency of foliar fertilization can be 8-20% better than solid fertilizers. Certain axenic, high-concentration algal cultures have a growth promoting effect on field cultivations, due to nitrogen-fixation and production of growth-promoting hormone-like substances. These concentrated suspension of microalgae and/or cyanobacteria – or its extract – efficiently enhance growth of plants by increasing plant height and leaf surface, improving germination capacity of seeds, or even increasing the clorophyll content of leaves, or the starch, oil and protein concentration of the fruit.

Our product, Algafix® is a liquid culture of microalgae, containing phytohormones, macro- and microelements. For home gardens, greenhouses, agricultural and horticultural use for mono- and dycotyledon cultivars. It contains Scenedesmus rubescens/obtusiusculus, a freshwater green microalga isolated from the Lake Balaton, Hungary. Between it’s plant hormone producing capacity it produses different lipids and molecules with antioxidant capacity which can delay the scenescence of leaves. About agricultural experiments it can be used for cereals, sunflower, corn, vegetables, fruit-trees, grape and also for indoor plants. According to the patent HU 1200251 Scenedesmus strains are cultivated together with the (plant growth promotion rhizobacteriae) Azospirillum brasilense NCAIM (P) 001411(National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms )reached surprisingly higher algae cell number and more effective plant stimulating properties. These bacteria are able to produce auxins, in the first line indole-3-acetic acid whitch can stimulate the proliferation and hormone production of algae. In this way cultivated microalga culture has 10⁸cell/ml cell concentration, stimulate the germination, has antimicrobial and antifungal activity, furthermore in case of field plants stimulate the stem elongation and blossoming and increase the yield.

The cytokinine and gibberellin-like plant hormon production of axenic cultures of Scenedesmus sp. BEA(Banco Espanol de Algas) D01_12(Algafix®,  Patent HU 1200251) Chlorella minutissima K 2012 (Albitech collection) and Botryococcus braunii green  alga strains were investigated. In case of S. rubescens/obtusiusculus we found kinetin production an order of magnitude higher than in case of the other two strains. Trans-zeatin-riboside whitch is one of the most effective natural cytokinin was found in evapored extracts of B. braunii, C. minutissima and in S. obtusiusculus cultures as well. B. braunii cultures haven’t investigated in this field previously. It seems that the S. obtusiusculus, the strain of Algafix® foliar fertilizer is really suitable to use for regulating plants. These results can serve as a good basis for the development of algae-based foliar fertilizer products and for a better understanding of their mode of action.

Erika  Greipel, Zsuzsanna Bencsik, Péter Futó, József Kutasi:

Preparated  Cladophora  cellulose,  as a  substrate  of  cellulase fermentation

Abstract

Some filamentous algae collected from the sea are used for paper production. Moreover, it can serve as a raw material of cellulose production as a more efficient substrate than plant cellulose.  Moreover algae are currently exlioited by the food industry for a range of ingradients. The filamentous freshwater green algae Cladophora contents the cellwall cellulose mostly in the crystalline form. In contrast to the plant cell wall cellulose in this case the Iα whitch is more accessible to the enzymes is present in 63% while the Iβ form in 37%. Plants have reverse ratio making it difficult to process the fermentation plant cellulose. Cladophora cellulose forms gel structures at cellulose concentrations as low as 0.2% (w/v), whereas the lower threshold for the commercially available analog is around 1.5% (w/v) solids contents (Mihranyan 2011). It’s powder  could be a useful alternative to commercially available dispersible cellulose grades when very low quantities of stabilizing agent are required.

With the extracted cellulose from Chladophora the cellulase enzyme induction in soil bacteria were investigated for facilitating and to enhance the production of enzymes. The bacterial digestion was performed on dried and milled, but untreated, Cladophora fibers as well. The success of the experiment can be explained by that the algae cell wall doesn’t contain lignin, which would inhibite the access of cellulase enzymes to the untreated material.

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¹ Agricultural Research and Development Station of Braila, Km. 9 Vizirului Rood, 810008,
Braila County, Romania
² ”Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Engineering and Agriculture Faculty of Braila,
29 Calarasilor Str., 810017, Braila County, Romania

Corresponding author email: dtrifan2015@gmail.com

Abstract

Foliar microbiological fertilizer Algafix is represented by a mixture of living green algae species
Scenedesmus obtisausculus who are able to assimilate different hormones and antioxidants that are
transmitted through the leaves of the plant, stimulating growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress,
and having an important influence for increased production. This paper presents an experience of
establishing optimal Algafix dosage of winter rape and spring barley, with four graduations or doses of 1.5
l/ha, 2 l/ha, 2.5 l/ha and 3 l/ha, which were compared with the control – untreated variant. We watched both
morphological and physiological differences on the characteristics of plants in the experimental variants,
and production quality indexes obtained, and the correlations established between doses of biofertilizers and
measured parameters. In the same time, we studied how the doses of biofertilizers influence the water and
mineral elements root absorption by plants grown in the two species, as well as economic efficiency
calculation. Compared with untreated control, all variants have obtained positive differences, most
production being registered variant V4 (dose of 2.5 l/ha), both in winter rape and spring barley cultures.

Key words: microbiological fertilizers, spring barley, rape.

INTRODUCTION

Currently, put increasing emphasis on the transition to a sustainable organic agriculture, especially when the products are used directly in human nutrition. On the other hand, it is very important to avoid environmental pollution, to use less fertilizers and gradually to proceed with both biological products for crop fertilization and for phytosanitarytreats (Leopa, 2013). Also, farmers can easily use the remaining waste for composting farm and obtain organic fertilizer, using various design patterns, depending on the size of farms (Trifan, 2013; Anghelache, 2012). Rape culture is autumn consuming nutrients, increase production is directly proportional to the applied fertilizers. Due to the short period of vegetation, spring barley is not pretentious for fertilization using the residual effect of previous crop, apply fertilizers. To see how to behave crop to biological fertilizer treatments compared with chemical fertilization was achieved with various doses of biofertilizers experience. Algafix is a foliar fertilizer microbiological green alga of the genus Scenedesmus  living in water suspension obtained by photofermentation technology, macro and trace elements, plant hormones culture removed from algae. Fractional application of chemical fertilizers provide plant supply throughout the growing season, enabling increased production of grains and based by algae fertilizer application, ensure soil nutrient absorption increase in the critical stages of plant nutrition (Trifan, 2014).

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Detection of cytokinine and gibberellin-like plant hormones in Scenedesmus obtusiusculus Chlorella minutissima and Botryococcus braunii cultures

Erika Greipel, Zsuzsanna Bencsik, József Kutasi

Albitech Ltd, 1045, Berlini út 47-49

Abstract

Foliar fertilization is a widespread procedure in agriculture for applying inorganic fertilizers or other substances on the foliar surface of plants in order to enhance crop yield. The efficiency of foliar fertilization can be 8-20% better than solid fertilizers. Suspension of microalgae cultures has been used for long as foliar fertilizer, and according to recent research, it utilizes the hormone-producing capacity of algae. Numerous scientific studies have been published about algal  cultures or extracts containing different types of plant hormones and their effect on plant growth and stimulation of germination. In our work, the cytokinine and gibberellin-like plant hormon production of axenic cultures of Scenedesmus obtusiusculus BEA(Banco Espanol de Algas) D01_12, Chlorella minutissima K 2012(Albitech collection) and Botryococcus braunii UTEX 2629 green alga strains were investigated. Both of these types of plant hormones significantly affect cell division. The gibberellins – as diterpenoids – stimulate cell division and cell growth so they promote the developing of leaves and the progress of blossoming. Additionally, these hormones induce the de novo syntesis of hydrolitic enzymes during the germination of seeds. Cytokinines delay senescence of leaves and they have morphogenetical effects as well. Detection of the mentioned plant hormones was conducted via thin layer chromatography following organic solvent extraction and evaporation (Tien et. al., 1979). Kinetin was present in evapored extracts of C. minutissima, S. obtusiusculus and B. braunii cultures as well. These evapored extract samples were observed also by HPLC-PDA. (Gupta et. al., 2011, Stirk et. al. 2004). The amount of kinetin was approximately 0,8 – 1,0 µg/ml (400 ng/ml in the algae liquid culture) and other cytokinin compontents were detected next to the kinetin in case of S. obtusiusculus.  In the extracts of C. minutissima and Botryococcus braunii were approximately 0,1 – 0,2 µg kinetin/ml (40-80 ng/ml in the algae liquid culture). The citokinin-like activity of liquid cultures was also measured by cucumber cotyledon growing test. Samples – obtained by evaporation of S. obtusiusculus, a C. minutissima és a B. braunii cultures on low temperature – showed effects on the weight of cucumber cotyledons after 3 days of incubation time. The gibberellin-like activity was proved also by measuring amylase production of barley endosperm (Jones and Varner, 1966). Presence of gibberellin-like substances was detected in C. minutissima cultures. These results can serve as a good basis for the development of algae-based foliar fertilizer products and for a better understanding of their mode of action.

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